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Unit 9 Must and Mustn't

 

Modal verbs: 'Must'

" Must " is a modal helper . It is used mainly to indicate an obligation or prohibition (" must do something " or " must not do something ").

As an auxiliary verb it shares the characteristics of modals:

- It is followed by an infinitive verb without "to", except be able to, need to, have to and ought to.

- The third person singular does not have -s in the present simple.

- You do not need to add the auxiliary do / does for the question and negative form.

- It does not have compound or progressive times.

- It does not have an infinitive.

Affirmative Interrogative	Negative form	Short negative
must	must not	mustn't

Affirmative	Negative
I must do	I must not do	I mustn't do
You must do	You must not do	You mustn't do
I must do	I must not do	I mustn't do
She must do	She must not do	She mustn't do
It must do	It must not do	It mustn't do
We must do	We must not do	We mustn't do
You must do	You must not do	You mustn't do
They must do	They must not do	They mustn't do

Interrogative
Must I do?	Mustn't I do?
Must you do?	Mustn't you do?
Must I do?	Mustn't I have?
Must she do?	Mustn't she do?
Must it do?	Mustn't it do?
Must we do?	Mustn't we do?
Must you do?	Mustn't you do?
Must they do?	Mustn't they do?

 

For other verb tenses (for example, the future) you can use " to have to ".

I'll have to go to the doctor.

I will have to go to the doctor ( future ).

I had to go to the doctor.

Had to go to the doctor ( past).

Uses of "must"

 one To express obligation, moral duty or advice .

You must be back before midnight.

You must be back before midnight.

She must respect her parents.

You must respect your parents.

You must visit New York.

You must visit New York.

The difference with "have to" is that "must" is used to give orders or express a moral obligation of the person who speaks or orders and "have to" indicates that the obligation comes from external norms, a third person or a circumstance .

I must go to work.

I have to go to work.

I have to do what my parents say.

I have to do what my parents say.

 2 To express prohibition .

The negative form, " must not " expresses a prohibition . Instead, " don't have to " indicates that something is not necessary, that is, there is no obligation (it can also be expressed with "need not / needn't" ).

You mustn't eat in class.

You should not eat in class.

You don't have to come to visit me.

You needn't come to visit me.

You don't have to come visit me.

 3 With meaning of affirmative deduction .

Only "must" is used.

I have arrived late. He must be tired.

He arrived late. You must be tired.

Look at that Porsche. It must be expensive.

Look at that Porsche. It has to be expensive.

For the negative deduction or impossibility we will use "can't".

He can't be her boyfriend.

It can't be her boyfriend.

Unit 9 Should and shouldn't

 

Modal verbs: 'Should'

" Should " is a modal helper . It has several uses ( conditional , giving advice , duty or weak obligation ...).

As an auxiliary verb it shares the characteristics of modals:

- It is followed by an infinitive verb without "to", except be able to, need to, have to and ought to.

- The third person singular does not have -s in the present simple.

- You do not need to add the auxiliary do / does for the question and negative form.

- It does not have compound or progressive times.

- It does not have an infinitive.

Affirmative

Subject + should + infinitive verb without "to" + ...

The verb is conjugated the same for all people.

Example:

Long way	Short form
I should work	I'd work
You should work	You'd work
He should work	He'd work
She should work	She'd work
It should work	It'd work
We should work	We'd work
You should work	You'd work
They should work	They'd work

 

Negative

Subject + should + not + verb in the infinitive without "to" + ...

Long way	Short form
I should not work	I shouldn't work
You should not work	You shouldn't work
He should not work	He shouldn't work
She should not work	She shouldn't work
It should not work	It shouldn't work
We should not work	We shouldn't work
You should not work	You shouldn't work
They should not work	They shouldn't work

 

Interrogative

Affirmative

Should + subject + verb in the infinitive without "to" + ...?

Negative

Should + subject + not + v. in infinitive without "to" + ...?

Shouldn't + subject + v. in infinitive without "to" + ...?

Example:

 

Affirmative	Negative
Should I work ...?	Should I not work ...?	Shouldn't I work ...?
Should you work ...?	Should you not work ...?	Shouldn't you work ...?
Should he work ...?	Should he not work ...?	Shouldn't he work ...?
Should she work ...?	Should she not work ...?	Shouldn't she work ...?
Should it work ...?	Should it> not work ...?	Shouldn't it work ...?
Should we work ...?	Should we not work ...?	Shouldn't we work ...?
Should you work ...?	Should you not work ...?	Shouldn't you work ...?
Should they work ...?	Should they not work ...?	Shouldn't they work ...?

 

Uses of the modal "should"

 one To indicate moral duty or mitigated obligation or to give advice . It is translated as present, past imperfect or conditional. It has less tax force than " must " and " have to ".

I should study more.

I / should / should study more.

He should be at school before 9.00.

Must / should / should be at school before 9.

You should go to the doctor.

I should / should / should go to the doctor.

It can be used to indicate that something should be done in the future or to express that something should have been done in the past and was not done (with the structure should + have + past participle )

You should go to the doctor tomorrow.

You should go to the doctor tomorrow (future) .

I should have studied more.

I should have studied more (past) .

 2 To express assumption or deduction .

It shouldn't be very expensive.

It shouldn't be very expensive.

I've left two hours ago. He should be at home now.

He left two hours ago. He must be home by now.

This idea can be in the future or in the past ( should + have + past participle ).

She should arrive next week.

It should arrive next week.

She should have arrived last week.

It should have arrived last week.

 3 For suggestions in interrogative sentences (it is less categorical than ' shall ').

Should I go to the police?

Should we go to the police?

 4 As an auxiliary in conditionals in the first person singular and plural ( I , we ), although the use of ' would ' is more common .

I should go if I had more time.

I'd go if I had more time.

We should invite you if we had enough money.

We would invite you if we had enough money.